Final Review Sheet
Tools of science and their uses
1. Fill in the chart:
Measurement | Definition | Tool used |
Volume (read a cylinder) | Liquid or solid Amt of space | Ruler(lwh)/grad cylinder |
Length | Distance btwn 2 points | Ruler, cm |
Mass | Amt of matter | TBB-grams |
Time | How long something takes | clock |
Temperature | Amt of heat in an object | thermometer |
Scientific Method and Science skills
1. Observation: things you learn through your senses
2. Prediction: guess about what will happen in the future
3. Estimation: when actual numbers aren’t needed
4. Inference: possible solution
5. Control: what you use to compare your results with
6. Independent Variable: what you test
7. Dependent Variable: what you measure: results
8. Constants: what is kept the same in an experiment
9. Hypothesis: educated guess
10. Problem: what you are trying to solve
11. Materials: supplies needed to conduct the experiment
12. Results: what you learn in an experiment
Science Safety
- Write five rules appropriate for safety in the science laboratory.
(Most important FOLLOW directs)
Ø When in doubt wear safety goggles
Ø Dress appropriately for the lab: no loose clothing, jewelry, open toed shoe
Ø Read the directions BEFORE you come to the lab
Ø Wash hands after each lab
Ø Report all accidents, even minor ones
Graphing
- When would you use the following graphs?
- Bar: comparing data
- Circle: when you have ALL of the categories
- Line: changes over time
INSIDE EARTH
Plate tectonics, Volcanoes, Earthquakes
- What are the three stresses and which fault (small movements) occurs for each. (Drawings are a good way to show these.)
Shearing= strike slip fault tension= normal fault compression= reverse fault
- What are the three types of plate boundaries (large movements).Explain each!
Transform= two plates slip past each other
Divergent= tow plates move apart
Convergent boundary= two plates come together
What is the result when a dense oceanic plate meets a less dense continental plate? Subduction zone
What is a fold? Draw and label the two types! A bend in rocks
anticline=upward syncline= downward
- What are the four major layers of the earth and state of matter of each?
Crust= solid Mantle=solid
Outer core= molten metal Inner core= dense ball of solid metal
What is an earthquake? Shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface
- What are the three seismic waves?
P waves: compresses and expands the ground, 1st to arrive
S waves: moves the ground up and down or side to side
Surface waves: forms when p waves and s waves reach the surface
- What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter
The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquakes’ focus
The point beneath Earth’s surface were rock breaks under stress and causes and earthquake
- What is the Ring of Fire and what commonly happens here?
a major volcanic belt where many volcanoes line the rim of the Pacific Ocean
What instrument do you use to measure an earthquake? Seismograph= records ground movements
- What is the name of the land mass when all continents were connected? Pangaea
Why do the plates move? Who came up with the theory? Convection currents in the mantle receive unequal heating Alfred Wegner
- Name the 3 pieces of evidence used to support the theory of continental drift.
Landforms climate fossils
What type of plate boundary is at the mid-ocean ridge? Divergent boundary
- Name the 3 types of volcanoes and how each is formed.(talk about lava flow)
Shield= repeated lava flows build up
Cinder= explosive vents get blown off
Composite= alternate layers of ash, cinders, and bombs
Difference between magma and lava? magma=molten material formed from the mantle
lava= liquid magma that reaches the surface
Rocks and Minerals and the Periodic Table
- What 5 characteristics do all minerals contain? Naturally occurring inorganic solid crystal structure def chemical compound
- Name the common minerals on the Moh’s scale.
talc= softest, quartz=7, diamond= hardest
- List and describe the common tests used to identify an unknown mineral.
Streak= rub on unglazed tile, look at powder left behind
Luster= shine in the light Hardness= moh’s scale
Density= mass/volume Break= cleavage or fracture
Color= use your eyes
- Subatomic particles of an atom. (electrons, neutrons, protons, ….)
Electrons= A sub-atomic particle carrying a negative charge
Neutron= A neutron and a proton have about the same weight, but the neutron has no electrical charge.
Protons= A basic particle in an atom’s nucleus that has a positive electrical charge
- How are elements arranged on the period table?
By the increasing atomic numbers
Metals, nonmetals, gases
- What information can you find on each element key?
8 = atomic number and number of protons
15.99 = atomic weight
15.99 - 8 = 7.99 neutrons
The number of neutrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons in an atom subtracted from the mass of the atom rounded to the nearest integer.
- What is the difference between and element and a compound, mixtures, solutions.
Element: any substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means
Compound: a substance made of 2 or more elements chemically combined
Mixture: two or more substances that are mixed together but NOT chemically combined
Solution: a well mixed mixture
- Examples of Chemical vs. physical changes
Chemical: rusting car, burning wood
Physical: water ice snow sleet vapor
- Explain what happens to the molecules at different phases( solid, liquids…)
Solid: fixed no movement liquid: molecules start to move, space
Gas: molecules move faster, a lot of space between molecules
- What are the three rock groups and how does each form?
Igneous=cooling of molten rock
Sedimentary: particles from other rocks/plants/animals are pressed/cemented together
metamorphic=forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat & pressure
11. How are rocks classified? Texture, origin, mineral composition
12. Explain the rock cycle in detail. (Drawing) Volcanoes erupt and then cool creating igneous rocks which eroded and particles get squeezed together to for sedimentary rocks then become heat and pressurized to form metamorphic rocks. THERE ARE MANY EXCEPTIONS TO THIS CYLCE
13. Organic, chemical and clastic rocks: what makes these sedimentary rocks.
Clastic= broken pieces
Organic= remains of plants and animals
Chemical= minerals are dissolved
14. Explain how cooling rates affect crystal sizes.
Fast cooling= small crystal slow cooling = larger crystals
EARTH’S CHANGING SURFACE
Weathering and Erosion
- Chemical vs Mechanical Weather agents: Examples of each.
Mechanical: heating and cooling, freezing and thawing, plant growth, abrasion, animal actions
Chemical: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain
- Factors that affect weathering climate and type of rock
- Landforms created by weathering and erosion.
Rills, gullies, valley, moraine, drumlin, cliffs, long shore drift, meander, delta, tributary, drainage basin, flood plain, oxbow lake, alluvial fan
Name the major ingredients of soil? Rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, air, water
Which organisms help create the humus portion of the soil? Insects, mice, ants, beetles, snails, chipmunks, worms
Geologic Time
- Identify the 4 major geological eras.
PreCambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
- Identify dominate plant and animal species of each era
Bacteria invertebrates & algae
vertebrate: reptiles, mammals & tube like plants mammals & seed plants
- Major geological events of each era
Earth forms from cooling Pangaea starts to move
objects strike Earth, Pangaea moves to present Mt building
- Fossils: what creates them and what information do we learn from them?
Evidence of living existence we learn about the conditions of Earth: climate, temp., diet, weather
ASTRONOMY
Earth in Space
1. Name the 3 temperature scales and their uses.
Celsius (°C) 0° & 100 ºC Fahrenheit (°F) 32 ºF & 212 ºF Kelvin(K) Extremes
Difference between a moon and a planet. Planets rotate around the sun
Moons rotate around planets
2. Know the differences between mass, weight and gravity.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object
Weight: A measure of the force of gravity on an object
Gravity: the force of attraction between all masses in the universe
3. Describe the differences between solar and lunar eclipses
Solar= blocking of light to Earth due to the moon between the sun and Earth
Lunar= blocking of sunlight to the moon due to the Earth being directly between the sun and moon
4. Electromagnetic waves
Energy traveling through space, we see it as light
5. Rotation vs. revolution and how it affect us on Earth.
rotation= spinning in place, causes day and night
revolution= spinning around another object , takes 365.25 days=1 year
6. Equinoxes s. solstices
Equinox=2 days of the year when the earth is tilted away from the sun
Solstice=2 days of the year when the earth is directly overhead at a given latitude/longitude
7. Reason for seasons, positions of Earth
The earth is tilted on its axis as it moves around the sun
8. Gravity vs. inertia
Gravity: attractive force between 2 objects
Inertia: the tendency of a moving object to remain in place
10. How does the sun create it’s energy Nuclear fusion; hydrogen atoms join together to form helium
11. Relationship between temperature and color of star. Blue stars are the hottest
12. Types of galaxies Spiral: Form outward
WEATHER
Weather
- Name the instruments and their uses associated with weather.
Anemometer: wind
Barometer: air pressure
Psychrometer: relative humidity
- Importance of the atmosphere, 3 things it does for us.
Protects us from meteoroids
Provides gasses for suitable conditions
Traps heat
Prevents uv ray light from entering
- Relationships between altitude, air pressure and density.
Air pressure decreases as altitude increases
- Conduction, convection radiation; define, examples, how each affects our atmosphere
- Layers of the atmosphere and special occurrences
Troposphere: weather, where we live
Stratosphere: ozone absorbs uv rays
Mesosphere: meteoroids burn up, coldest layer
Thermosphere: 2 parts
Ionsphere: radio \waves are reflected back
Exoshpere: satellite communication: phone calls, tv
- Causes and types of winds.
Unequal heating
Global: winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances
Local; winds that blow short distances
Doldrums: weak winds near equator
Horse latitudes: calm area of winds
Trade winds: steady easterly winds
Polar easterlies: winds that come from the east and blow west
Prevailing westerlies: winds that cause most of our weather
- Masses and fronts
Polar: cold
Tropical: warm
Continental: forms over land, dry
Maritime: form over ocean, humid
Cold front: fast moving cold air, abrupt changes then bring clear skies
Warm front: slow moving mass of warm air, rainy or foggy
Stationary front: warm and cold air masses meet, same weather for many days
Occluded front: warm gets stuck between 2 cold, cloudy, rainy, snowy
- Storms
Thunderstorm: large cumulonimbus clouds create thunder, lightning and rain
Tornadoes: large cumulonimbus clouds reach the surface creating funnel-shaped winds
Hurricanes: forms over ocean, high winds, over 119 km, die out when reaches land
Blizzard: snow falls when humid air cools below 0ºC
- Weather map symbols
LONG ISLAND SOUND
- How does ground water get polluted?
Chemical spills, septic tanks, landfills, mining
- What is run off? The flow of water over land.
It often contains chemicals and other pollutant found in soil
- What geological forces shaped Long Island Sound.
Glacier moving and carving out the land before retreating and filling in the land with ice melt
